When an LFO modulates amplitude (volume), it creates tremolo. When routed to control pitch, an LFO creates vibrato. Problems playing these files? See media help.Īn LFO can be routed to control, for example, the frequency of the audio oscillator, its phase, stereo panning, filter frequency, or amplification. The specifics vary greatly depending on the type of modulation, the relative frequencies of the LFO signal and the signal being modulated, et cetera.Ī low-frequency oscillator modulating cutoff frequency to create a wobble bass effect. Using a low-frequency oscillation signal as a means of modulating another signal introduces complexities into the resulting sound, such that a variety of effects can be achieved. Also like a standard oscillator, LFOs can incorporate any number of waveform types, including user-defined wavetables, rectified waves and random signals. Like a standard oscillator, this usually takes the form of a periodic waveform, such as a sine, sawtooth, triangle or square wave. This lower frequency or control signal is used to modulate another component's value, changing the sound without introducing another source. An LFO is a secondary oscillator that operates at a significantly lower frequency (hence its name), typically below 20 Hz. The primary oscillator circuits of a synthesizer are used to create the audio signals. More recently other electronic musical instruments, such as samplers and software synthesizers, have included LFOs to increase their sound alteration capabilities. LFOs have since appeared in some form on almost every synthesizer. Often the LFO effect was accidental, as there were myriad configurations that could be "patched" by the synth operator. Low-frequency oscillation as a concept was first introduced in the modular synths of the 1960s and 1970s.
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